The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) issued the final greenhouse gas (GHG) Phase II rules to govern heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) emissions in August 2016. These are expected to provide between US$117.3bn and US$196.5bn worth of savings, the bulk of which is attributed to fuel efficiency improvements.
However, initial investment in technologies could prove costly, and payback may be difficult to measure accurately.
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